Queen Victoria Hanover of England

     Queen Victoria Hanover of England, daughter of Edward Augustus (of Hanover) and Victoria Mary Louisa (of Saxe-Coburg), was born on 24 May 1819 in London, England.^1,2 Queen Victoria Hanover of England was the daughter of Edward Augustus (of Hanover) and Victoria Mary Louisa (of Saxe-Coburg).² Queen Victoria Hanover of England married Prince Albert (of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha), son of Ernest I (of Saxe-Coburg) and Louise (of Saxe-Gotha), on 10 February 1840 in London, England.^1,2 Queen Victoria Hanover of England died in 1901.³ She died on 22 January 1901 in Osborne House, Isle Of Wight, England, at age 81.¹ She was buried in Windsor, Berkshire, England.¹
     Victoria, queen of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1837-1901), the longest-reigning monarch in English history, established the monarchy as a respected and popular institution while it was irrevocably losing its place as an integral part of the British governing system. Born in Kensington Palace, London, on May 24, 1819, Victoria was the only child of Edward, duke of Kent and son of George III, and Princess Victoria, daughter of the duke of Saxe-Coburg. Emerging from a lonely, secluded childhood to take the throne on the death of her uncle, William IV, Victoria displayed a personality marked by strong prejudices and a willful stubbornness. She was strongly attached to the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne; after he resigned in 1839, Sir Robert Peel, his would-be successor, suggested that she dismiss the Whig ladies of her court. Victoria, however, refused. In part because of this 'bed chamber crisis,' Melbourne resumed office for two more years. Victoria and her court were greatly transformed by her marriage to her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, in 1840. Although her name now designates a supposedly prudish age, it was Albert who made a point of straitlaced behavior, and introduced a strict decorum in court. He also gave a more conservative tinge to Victoria's politics, leading her to become close to Peel. The couple had nine children. Victoria populated most of the thrones of Europe wit h her descendants. Among her grandchildren were Emperor William II of Germany and Alexandra, consort of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Albert taught Victoria the need for hard work if she was to make her views felt in the cabinet, and during the prince's lifetime Victoria did, by insistently interjecting her opinions, force the ministers to take them into account. Opposing the policy of Lord Palmerston of encouraging democratic government on the Continent, for example, she was partly responsible for hi s departure as foreign secretary in 1851. She also helped form cabinets. Her political importance was based, however, upon the temporarily factionalized state of Commons between 1846 and 1868, when royal intervention was needed to help glue together majority coalitions. Always prone to self-pity, Victoria fully indulged her grief at Albert's death in 1861. She remained in mourning until her own death, making few public appearances and spending most of each year on the Isle of Wight and in the Scottish Highlands, where her closest companion way s a dour Scottish servant, John Brown. Her popularity declined as a result, and republican sentiment appeared during the late 1860s. Victoria, however, regained the people's admiration when she resumed her determined efforts t o steer public affairs. She won particular esteem for defending the popular imperialist policies of the Conservative ministries of Benjamin Disraeli, who flattered her relentlessly and made her empress of India in 1876. Conversely, she flayed William E. Gladstone, the Liberal prime minister, whom she intensely disliked, for ostensibly weakening the empire. Although Victoria also attacked Gladstone for encouraging democratic trends, the celebrations of her golden and diamond jubilees in 1887 and 1897 demonstrated her great popularity. In Victoria's later career, her attempts to influence government decisions ceased to carry significant weight. The Reform Act of 1867, by doubling the electorate, strengthened party organization and eliminated the need for a mediator--the monarch--among factions in Commons. Victoria died on Jan. 22, 1901. She was succeeded by her son, Edward VII. Her letters have bee n published in three series (1907; 1926-28; 1930-32).¹ Victoria's father Edward Augustus (of Hanover) died on 23 January 1820 in Sidmouth, Devon, England.^1,2 Queen Victoria Hanover of England became Queen of England in 1837 replacing King William IV (Henry) Hanover of England.² Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Victoria Adelaide Mary (of Saxe-Coburg) on 21 November 1840.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of King (Albert) Edward VII Windsor of England on 9 November 1841.^1,3 Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Princess Alice Maud Mary (of Saxe-Coburg) on 25 April 1843.^1,3 Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Alfred Ernest Albert (of Saxe-Coburg) on 6 August 1844.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Helena Augusta Victoria (of Saxe-Coburg) on 25 May 1846.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Louise Caroline Alberta (of Saxe-Coburg) on 18 March 1848.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Arthur William Patrick (of Saxe-Coburg) on 1 May 1850.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Leopold George Duncan (of Saxe-Coburg) on 7 April 1853.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England became the mother of Beatrice Mary Victoria (of Saxe-Coburg) on 14 April 1857.^1,4 Victoria's daughter was married at wedding of Victoria Adelaide Mary (of Saxe-Coburg) and Frederick III (of Germany) on 25 January 1858 in London, England.¹ Victoria's mother Victoria Mary Louisa (of Saxe-Coburg) died on 16 March 1861 in Windsor, Berkshire, England.^1,2 Queen Victoria Hanover of England became a widow with the death of her husband, Prince Albert (of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha) on 14 December 1861 in Windsor, Berkshire, England, at age 42.^1,3 Victoria's daughter was married at wedding of Princess Alice Maud Mary (of Saxe-Coburg) and Grand Duke Louis (of Hesse) in 1862 in Isle Of Wright, England.^1,3 Victoria's son was married at wedding of King (Albert) Edward VII Windsor of England and Queen Alexandra Caroline Marie (of England) on 10 March 1863 in Windsor, England.^1,3 Victoria's daughter was married at wedding of Helena Augusta Victoria (of Saxe-Coburg) and Christian Christian Charles (of Schleswig-Hol) on 5 July 1866 at Windsor Castle, Westminster, England.¹ Victoria's daughter was married at wedding of Louise Caroline Alberta (of Saxe-Coburg) and John Campbell (of Argyll) on 21 March 1871 in Windsor, England.¹ Victoria's son was married at wedding of Alfred Ernest Albert (of Saxe-Coburg) and Marie Alexandrovna (of Russia) on 23 January 1874 at the Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia.¹ Victoria's daughter Princess Alice Maud Mary (of Saxe-Coburg) died on 14 December 1878 in Darmstadt, Germany.^1,3 Victoria's son was married at wedding of Arthur William Patrick (of Saxe-Coburg) and Louise Margaret (of Prussia) in 1879.¹ Victoria's son Leopold George Duncan (of Saxe-Coburg) died on 28 March 1884 in Cannes, France.¹ Victoria's daughter was married at wedding of Beatrice Mary Victoria (of Saxe-Coburg) and Henry (of Battenburg) on 23 July 1885 in Isle Of Wight.^1,4 Victoria's son Alfred Ernest Albert (of Saxe-Coburg) died on 30 July 1900 in Schloss Rosenau, Near Coburg.¹ Queen Victoria Hanover of England was replaced as King of England by King (Albert) Edward VII Windsor of England in 1901.³